Linux中errno使用

当linux中的C api函数发生异常时,一般会将errno变量(需include errno.h)赋一个整数值,不同的值表示不同的含义,可以通过查看该值推测出错的原因，在实际编程中用这一招解决了不少原本看来莫名其妙的问题。但是errno是一个数字，代表的具体含义还要到errno.h中去阅读宏定义，而每次查阅是一件很繁琐的事情。有下面几种方法可以方便的得到错误信息

(1)void perror(const char *s)

函数说明

perror ( )用来将上一个函数发生错误的原因输出到标准错误(stderr),参数s 所指的字符串会先打印出,后面再加上错误原因 字符串。此错误原因依照全局变量 errno 的值来决定要输出的字符串。

(2) char *strerror(int errno)

将错误代码转换为字符串错误信息,可以将该字符串和其它的信息组合输出到用户界面例如

fprintf(stderr,"error in CreateProcess %s, Process ID %d ",strerror(errno),processID)

注：假设processID是一个已经获取了的整形ID

(3)printf("%m", errno);

另外不是所有的地方发生错误的时候都可以通过error获取错误代码，例如下面的代码段

/*注：下面的头文件使用""而没有直接使用尖括号是因为博客大巴中尖括号当作html符号，所以其内部的头文件名字会被直接忽略*/

#include"stdio.h"

#include "stdlib.h"

#include "errno.h"

#include "netdb.h"

#include "sys/types.h"

#include "netinet/in.h"

int main (int argc, char *argv[])

{

struct hostent *h;

if (argc != 2)

{

fprintf (stderr ,"usage: getip addressn");

exit(1);

}

/* 取得主机信息 */

if((h=gethostbyname(argv[1])) == NULL)

{

/* 如果gethostbyname 失败，则给出错误信息 */

herror(“gethostbyname”);

exit(1);

}

/* 列印程序取得的信息 */

printf(“Host name : %sn”, h->h_name);

printf(“IP Address : %sn”, inet_ntoa (*((struct in_addr *)h->h_addr)));

return 0;

}

/*************************************/

通过上面的代码可以看到：使用gethostbyname()函数，你不能使用perror()来输出错误信息(因为错误代码存储在 h_errno 中而不是errno 中。所以，你需要调用herror()函数。

你简单的传给gethostbyname() 一个机器名(“bbs.tsinghua.edu.cn”)，然后就从返回的结构struct hostent 中得到了IP 等其他信息.程序中输出IP 地址的程序需要解释一下：h->h_addr 是一个char*，但是inet_ntoa()函数需要传递的是一个struct in_addr 结构。所以上面将h->h_addr 强制转换为struct in_addr*，然后通过它得到了所有数据。

errno.h中定义的错误代码值如下：

查 看错误代码errno是调试程序的一个重要方法。当linuc C api函数发生异常时,一般会将errno变量(需include errno.h)赋一个整数值,不同的值表示不同的含义,可以通过查看该值推测出错的原因。在实际编程中用这一招解决了不少原本看来莫名其妙的问题。比较 麻烦的是每次都要去linux源代码里面查找错误代码的含义，现在把它贴出来，以后需要查时就来这里看了。

以下来自linux 2.4.20-18的内核代码中的/usr/include/asm/errno.h

#ifndef _I386_ERRNO_H

#define _I386_ERRNO_H

#define EPERM 1 /* Operation not permitted */

#define ENOENT 2 /* No such file or directory */

#define ESRCH 3 /* No such process */

#define EINTR 4 /* Interrupted system call */

#define EIO 5 /* I/O error */

#define ENXIO 6 /* No such device or address */

#define E2BIG 7 /* Arg list too long */

#define ENOEXEC 8 /* Exec format error */

#define EBADF 9 /* Bad file number */

#define ECHILD 10 /* No child processes */

#define EAGAIN 11 /* Try again */

#define ENOMEM 12 /* Out of memory */

#define EACCES 13 /* Permission denied */

#define EFAULT 14 /* Bad address */

#define ENOTBLK 15 /* Block device required */

#define EBUSY 16 /* Device or resource busy */

#define EEXIST 17 /* File exists */

#define EXDEV 18 /* Cross-device link */

#define ENODEV 19 /* No such device */

#define ENOTDIR 20 /* Not a directory */

#define EISDIR 21 /* Is a directory */

#define EINVAL 22 /* Invalid argument */

#define ENFILE 23 /* File table overflow */

#define EMFILE 24 /* Too many open files */

#define ENOTTY 25 /* Not a typewriter */

#define ETXTBSY 26 /* Text file busy */

#define EFBIG 27 /* File too large */

#define ENOSPC 28 /* No space left on device */

#define ESPIPE 29 /* Illegal seek */

#define EROFS 30 /* Read-only file system */

#define EMLINK 31 /* Too many links */

#define EPIPE 32 /* Broken pipe */

#define EDOM 33 /* Math argument out of domain of func */

#define ERANGE 34 /* Math result not representable */

#define EDEADLK 35 /* Resource deadlock would occur */

#define ENAMETOOLONG 36 /* File name too long */

#define ENOLCK 37 /* No record locks available */

#define ENOSYS 38 /* Function not implemented */

#define ENOTEMPTY 39 /* Directory not empty */

#define ELOOP 40 /* Too many symbolic links encountered */

#define EWOULDBLOCK EAGAIN /* Operation would block */

#define ENOMSG 42 /* No message of desired type */

#define EIDRM 43 /* Identifier removed */

#define ECHRNG 44 /* Channel number out of range */

#define EL2NSYNC 45 /* Level 2 not synchronized */

#define EL3HLT 46 /* Level 3 halted */

#define EL3RST 47 /* Level 3 reset */

#define ELNRNG 48 /* Link number out of range */

#define EUNATCH 49 /* Protocol driver not attached */

#define ENOCSI 50 /* No CSI structure available */

#define EL2HLT 51 /* Level 2 halted */

#define EBADE 52 /* Invalid exchange */

#define EBADR 53 /* Invalid request descriptor */

#define EXFULL 54 /* Exchange full */

#define ENOANO 55 /* No anode */

#define EBADRQC 56 /* Invalid request code */

#define EBADSLT 57 /* Invalid slot */

#define EDEADLOCK EDEADLK

#define EBFONT 59 /* Bad font file format */

#define ENOSTR 60 /* Device not a stream */

#define ENODATA 61 /* No data available */

#define ETIME 62 /* Timer expired */

#define ENOSR 63 /* Out of streams resources */

#define ENONET 64 /* Machine is not on the network */

#define ENOPKG 65 /* Package not installed */

#define EREMOTE 66 /* Object is remote */

#define ENOLINK 67 /* Link has been severed */

#define EADV 68 /* Advertise error */

#define ESRMNT 69 /* Srmount error */

#define ECOMM 70 /* Communication error on send */

#define EPROTO 71 /* Protocol error */

#define EMULTIHOP 72 /* Multihop attempted */

#define EDOTDOT 73 /* RFS specific error */

#define EBADMSG 74 /* Not a data message */

#define EOVERFLOW 75 /* Value too large for defined data type */

#define ENOTUNIQ 76 /* Name not unique on network */

#define EBADFD 77 /* File descriptor in bad state */

#define EREMCHG 78 /* Remote address changed */

#define ELIBACC 79 /* Can not access a needed shared library */

#define ELIBBAD 80 /* Accessing a corrupted shared library */

#define ELIBSCN 81 /* .lib section in a.out corrupted */

#define ELIBMAX 82 /* Attempting to link in too many shared libraries */

#define ELIBEXEC 83 /* Cannot exec a shared library directly */

#define EILSEQ 84 /* Illegal byte sequence */

#define ERESTART 85 /* Interrupted system call should be restarted */

#define ESTRPIPE 86 /* Streams pipe error */

#define EUSERS 87 /* Too many users */

#define ENOTSOCK 88 /* Socket operation on non-socket */

#define EDESTADDRREQ 89 /* Destination address required */

#define EMSGSIZE 90 /* Message too long */

#define EPROTOTYPE 91 /* Protocol wrong type for socket */

#define ENOPROTOOPT 92 /* Protocol not available */

#define EPROTONOSUPPORT 93 /* Protocol not supported */

#define ESOCKTNOSUPPORT 94 /* Socket type not supported */

#define EOPNOTSUPP 95 /* Operation not supported on transport endpoint */

#define EPFNOSUPPORT 96 /* Protocol family not supported */

#define EAFNOSUPPORT 97 /* Address family not supported by protocol */

#define EADDRINUSE 98 /* Address already in use */

#define EADDRNOTAVAIL 99 /* Cannot assign requested address */

#define ENETDOWN 100 /* Network is down */

#define ENETUNREACH 101 /* Network is unreachable */

#define ENETRESET 102 /* Network dropped connection because of reset */

#define ECONNABORTED 103 /* Software caused connection abort */

#define ECONNRESET 104 /* Connection reset by peer */

#define ENOBUFS 105 /* No buffer space available */

#define EISCONN 106 /* Transport endpoint is already connected */

#define ENOTCONN 107 /* Transport endpoint is not connected */

#define ESHUTDOWN 108 /* Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown */

#define ETOOMANYREFS 109 /* Too many references: cannot splice */

#define ETIMEDOUT 110 /* Connection timed out */

#define ECONNREFUSED 111 /* Connection refused */

#define EHOSTDOWN 112 /* Host is down */

#define EHOSTUNREACH 113 /* No route to host */

#define EALREADY 114 /* Operation already in progress */

#define EINPROGRESS 115 /* Operation now in progress */

#define ESTALE 116 /* Stale NFS file handle */

#define EUCLEAN 117 /* Structure needs cleaning */

#define ENOTNAM 118 /* Not a XENIX named type file */

#define ENAVAIL 119 /* No XENIX semaphores available */

#define EISNAM 120 /* Is a named type file */

#define EREMOTEIO 121 /* Remote I/O error */

#define EDQUOT 122 /* Quota exceeded */

#define ENOMEDIUM 123 /* No medium found */

#define EMEDIUMTYPE 124 /* Wrong medium type */

#endif

同时也可以使用strerror()来自己翻译

如：

#include

#include

#include

int main(void)

{

int fd;

extern int errno;

if((fd = open("/dev/dsp",O_WRONLY)) < 0)

{

printf("errno=%dn",errno);

char * mesg = strerror(errno);

printf("Mesg:%sn",mesg);

}

exit(0);

}

dsp设备忙的话将输出如下：

errno=16

Mesg:Device or resource busy